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Vahakn Dadrian may be identified in various ways. He is a sociologist. He is a
story-teller. He is a con man. He is anything but a “historian.”
Several of his works have already been examined in TAT, and with each new
analysis, it becomes all the more clear as to what a lack of scruples the man
has. He is prone to making any false statement, to distort translations, to
take statements out of context, and to selectively present from his arsenal of
cherry-picked, genocide affirming “facts,” while ignoring uncomfortable
and sometimes painfully obvious realities. He brings to mind the Green Goblin,
in that one never knows what little bomb Dadrian will bring forth from that
bottomless pouch of weaponry attached to his belt.
One can almost not blame this utterly genocide-obsessed man; Dadrian appears
unable to help himself. We can, however, blame the publications that accept
his hateful propaganda without question.
The one we’re going to look at this go-round was published in The Journal
of Genocide Research (2003, June, pp. 269-279). Even though this rag will
be expected to air one-sided views of genocide scholars, you’d think the
editor(s) would set at least minimal standards, and require authors to present
a semblance of fairness and objectivity. Instead, by providing a forum for
pure propaganda without restriction, such publications become an accomplice in
the propagation of hatred and racism.
Knowing the editors are totally on his side, Dadrian vomits his pea soup
without let-up; he’s out of control with his brand of viciousness in this
particular article. It’s called:
“The signal facts surrounding the Armenian genocide and the Turkish
denial syndrome.”
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Dadrian characterizes Turkish attempts to present this conflict in its true historical
light as “organized attempts to cover up the record of past
atrocities... by successive Turkish governments of the 1915-17 genocide against the
Armenians in which some 1.5 million people lost their lives.” Dadrian already is
on record for having written that
1916 is when the genocide had “all but run its course”;
the brunt of the resettlement process, after all, had taken place in 1915. For him to
state that his “genocide” lasted until 1917 in a way that readers will take to be
entirely unabated as with the Holocaust, is the beginning of his many distortions. (In
March 3,1916, Vahan Cardashian had quoted Morgenthau, in a letter to Lord Bryce, that the
government's attitude was "passive" toward the Armenians, and that good numbers
of them could be found in nearly all the internal cities of the empire. [The Armenian
Review, Winter 1957, p. 107] There were only incidental "deportations" after
early 1916, and as you'll read below, the relocations were first ordered to halt in August
1915. Since "genocide" is the faithful's synonym for the resettlement process,
for all intents and purposes, the "genocide" was over in 1915).
We should at least be grateful he did not extend his genocide to 1923, as commonly
claimed. However, already Dadrian presents cause for questioning his own thesis. If the
idea was to “annihilate” (if we may use the word Dadrian prefers) the Armenians, why
stop in what he dishonestly presents as 1917, with hundreds of thousands of Armenians
still in Ottoman clutches?
Demonstrating the absence of editorial reins, the master propagandist ups the victim
numbers to 1.5 million, the total pre-war
Ottoman-Armenian population. Note Dadrian supported
in a 1998 commemoration that the total mortality was “more than a million,” with one
million survivors. Even if he chooses to go with the Armenian Patriarch’s
propagandistic figure of 2.1 million pre-war Armenians, the mortality figure Dadrian
presents now would make a million survivors impossible. (That is, 2.1 million minus 1.5
million dead would equal 600,000 survivors. The Patriarch accounted for 1,260,000
survivors in 1918’s end.) Once again, an example of “Numbers Don’t Matter,” practiced by Armenian “scholars.” (Real
scholars, of course, evaluate all relevant information before reaching dispassionate
conclusions... instead of beginning with the conclusion first, and using any
below-the-belt means to affirm the conclusion.)
An amusing paragraph follows soon after:
The future of Holocaust denial may be foreshadowed by the persistent
denial of the Armenian genocide... The apparent paradox is the refusal of many Jews to see
in the Armenian genocide a catastrophe similar to their own, while the political situation
at the end of the Second World War still obliged the Jewish representatives to use the
Armenian genocide and the precedent of the Sèvres Treaty (concluded between Turkey and
the allies at the end of WWI) to advance legal recognition of the Jewish Holocaust.
Of course, that was not “Turkey,” but “the Ottoman Empire,” and an
Allied-occupied, puppet empire at that—signing a treaty that amounted to a death
sentence for the Turkish nation; but Dadrian will make this criminal treaty, leading to
the Turks’ overthrow of their empire, sound legitimate. Naturally, too, knowledgeable
Jews will reject the Armenians’ myth as similar to the very unique Holocaust, a true
genocide that followed the rules of the 1948 U.N. Genocide Convention. Not only were there
“intent” and no political alliances, but the Jews were targeted for no reason other
than being Jews, in line with the “as such” requirement of Article 2 of the
Convention. The funny part here is where Dadrian is practically reprimanding Jews for
being so ungrateful; Jews politically used the Armenians for their own Jewish Holocaust,
he is saying, and now where is the payback?
Dadrian begins with his “Introduction: the problem of the
persistence of the Turkish denials.” He writes:
“...[N]o manner of denial can adequately answer the paramount
question: how did the Armenians so swiftly and near totally disappear from their ancestral
territories?”
The answer, of course, is that the Armenians did not disappear from the “genocide”
of “1915-17,” as the Armenian Patriarch attested in his 1921 report, vouching for nearly half the pre-war population of 1.5 million
still present in what was left of the empire. Hundreds of thousands had already moved out
on their own accord to lands not under Ottoman control (Including 50,000 to Iran, 120,000
to Greece [Noradungian] and 500,000 to Transcaucasia [Hovannisian]). If Armenians left
after 1921, they chose to leave [and some felt they had no choice, given their ethnic
cleansing actions in Cilicia, with the French]; those who had left could have exercised
the right to return, as stipulated
in the Treaties of Gumru and Lausanne.)
Dadrian explains the above as “a repertoire of rationalizations,
distortions and falsehoods ... created and made an integral part of the prevailing denial
syndrome.” Is he telling us Armenian sources are not to be believed?
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V. D. next moves on to “The historical background: the
antecedent massacres as a rehearsal and prelude to the genocide,” where he
explains it all began with “The Red Sultan.” Abdul Hamit “unleashed in the 1894-1896 period the historically notorious ‘Armenian
massacres.’ Approximately 150,000 Armenians... fell victim to these empire-wide
bloodbaths.” As with the 1915 period, the master propagandist makes no
mention of the terrorist groups’ violence initiating “bloodbaths” that went
both ways. Dadrian quotes William Langer as having written (The Diplomacy of
Imperialism, 1935): “It was perfectly obvious that the
Sultan was determined to end the ‘Armenian question’ by exterminating the
Armenians,” and it would be worthwhile to dig up whether that was Langer’s
conclusion, or whether he was quoting another’s opinion.
Reason for suspicion rests with the lack of logic for a deeper thinker as Langer; if
Abdul Hamit had intended to “exterminate” the Armenians, it would have made as
little sense for him to have stopped in 1896 as it similarly makes no sense for the
Young Turks to have stopped in 1917... and as Prof. Jeremy Salt concluded after scholarly
analysis, “there is nothing that links Abdulhamit to a policy of massacre."
Langer’s book is also filled with contradictory statements, as on p. 157 of the
book’s second edition: “Europeans in Turkey were agreed that the immediate
aim of the [Armenian] agitators was to incite disorders, bring about inhuman
reprisals, and so provoke the intervention of the powers." For more of
Langer’s thoughts on the sultan, tune in here, and here for a further
examination of the events and mortality figures: After deceptively summing up the
fate of the Armenians as “wholesale annihilation”
(remember, the definition of annihilation means “not a trace is left”), Dadrian
tells us:
The resolve of the Turks not to allow the Armenians, the only
Christian nationality then still under Ottoman rule, likewise to emancipate,
substantially contributed to a Final Solution decision, the implementation of which
decision significantly coincided with the ruinous disintegration of the very Ottoman
Empire at the end of World War I.
The truth is, the greater the freedoms granted the Armenians, under the Tanzimat
period and particularly in 1909 (when the Armenians were more than
"emancipated"; what is V. D. talking about? Likewise, Greeks and Assyrians
were other Christians under Ottoman rule), the more the Armenians would aim at “terrorizing
the Ottoman Government, thus contributing toward lowering the prestige of that
regime and working toward its complete disintegration,” as Louise Nalbandian wrote about the Hunchaks. Armenia’s
first prime minister, Hovhannes Katchaznouni, concurred in whitewashed
fashion:
“...[T]he struggle begun decades ago against the Turkish government brought
about the deportation or extermination of the Armenian people in Turkey and the
desolation of Turkish Armenia. This was the terrible fact!”
In other words, the reason for Armenian suffering during “1915” had nothing to
do with Turkish oppression, and everything to do with Armenians having fired the
first shot, particularly during a war where the Ottomans were fighting for their
nation's life. Now, while Katchaznouni may be excused for using terms such as “extermination”
(he was addressing an audience of fellow terrorist Dashnaks) look at Dadrian’s
choice of words: a “Final Solution.” As we have seen with the vast number of
Armenians still in what was left of the empire after war’s end, no “Final
Solution” could have been implemented. (If so, “zero” Armenians would have
been left.) Yet the unscrupulous propagandist feels no compunction over making such
a serious charge, particularly without offering factual evidence.
“Armenians were not going to be allowed to enjoy equal
rights, equality having been declared anathema to Islam by the Ottoman Muslim
hierarchy.”
What can one expect from such a dishonest author? In effect, Armenians were the masters of Ottoman
society, allowed to prosper as never before in their history, and by enjoying an “internal autonomy” in this
extremely tolerant society. They had it much worse under Russia, and for greater perspective, Muslims and
other minorities in “enlightened” European nations often fared little better
than slaves. But Dadrian decided here to address the wonderful tolerance of the
Ottomans:
The rare instances of Armenians having been favored for
appointments in the Ottoman government, bureaucracy and Civil List, and the royal
household, were but exceptions to the rule. Some of them were token appointments,
others were in default appointments given the then existing paucity of competent
and/or trustworthy Turkish functionaries.
Isn’t that absolutely unbelievable, the depths this “foremost authority of the
Armenian Genocide” will sink to? Sure, at a time when a Catholic could barely get
elected dog catcher in the United States, an Armenian would be allowed to go near
the top, such as the Foreign
Minister in 1912-13... and this should be considered a “token” appointment? (Or an
appointment made because Turks were not good enough? If Turks were such subhuman
incompetents, how could the run-by-Turks empire have lasted for some six centuries?)
Even Armenian terrorists, such as Garo Pastermadjian, were allowed to serve in the Ottoman
government.
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In this paper, it is interesting that Dadrian chose to pay lip service to the terrorists,
which was a rarity for him:
...[G]roups of Armenians in Europe and Russia opted to challenge
these authorities by embarking upon limited revolutionary activities in various parts of
the Empire. The result was the acceleration of the conflict and parallel aggravation of
the woes of the Armenians which became punctuated by episodic massacres against them.
The terrorists did not add to, or accelerate, the conflict,, they began the
conflict. The aim of these greedy fanatics was to get their fellow Armenians massacred, in
hopes of European intervention. And their revolutionary activities through the
thirty-forty years before “1915” were plentiful, not ‘limited”; these activities
lay at the core of the problem.
To give an example, if we may again resort to a favorite source of Dadrian’s, William
Langer; he also wrote in his Diplomacy of Imperialism book (quoting Lord Warkworth,
after a visit to Van):
"Those who in England are loudest in their sympathy with the aspirations of a(n
Armenian) people ‘rightly struggling to be free’ can hardly have realized the
atrocious methods of terrorism and blackmail by which a handful of desperados, as careful
of their own safety as they are reckless of the lives of others, have too successfully
coerced their unwilling compatriots into complicity with an utterly hopeless
conspiracy."
If we know our Dadrian, of course it’s not going to take him long to get to the
nitty-gritty. He does so under his heading, “The compelling
character of the evidence on the genocide.”
“When a crime of such magnitude continues to be denied,
confounding many well-meaning and disinterested people, the most effective, if not only
way to refute and falsify such a denial is to search for, locate, and produce evidence
that under the circumstances may be deemed to be as compelling as possible.”
Let’s get something straight: if people are truly “well-meaning
and disinterested,” the only thing they would be interested in would be truth.
Truth is not determined by agenda-ridden propagandists, who map out a strategy that states, “There is
no need to prove that the government of the Ottoman Empire committed genocide against
Armenians,” instead focusing on “why the genocide had taken place and what were
its historical and legal consequences.” The strategy is enforced by the prevailing
Western prejudice against Turks, monetary support of genocide institutes, and smear
campaigns against those not going along for the ride.
“Despite their certain value, one may discount in this respect the
vast corpus of official documents assembled in the depositories of the state archives of
those countries that comprise the camp of Turkey’s World War I enemies, i.e. Great
Britain, France, and Russia and, after April 1917, the United States. These documents may
be attempted to be dismissed by the deniers as wartime enemy propaganda. By the same
token, eyewitness account of Armenian survivors of the mass murder may be deprecated by
them as products of victim bias or of victim embellishments.”
Thank you, Vahakn Dadrian, for confirming in so many words what utter junk this “vast corpus of official documents” mostly comprises. Of course
statements by bigoted individuals who received their information almost entirely from
Armenians and missionaries cannot substitute for valid evidence; it’s the very reason
why even the British rejected these archival sources for their Malta Tribunal process, pointing out that “personal opinions”
presents a problem when one seeks genuine facts. And when it comes to their genocide,
Armenians practice an “end justifies the means” way of operation (as we know so
well from the methods of Vahakn Dadrian himself), following the M.O. of the Hunchaks and
Dashnaks. Of the former, the Turk-detesting missionary, Cyrus Hamlin, wrote that “Falsehood is, of course,
justifiable where murder and arson are.” As unreliable as “Armenian Oral History”
is, the claims can sometimes be revealing; if one reads between the lines, many of these testimonials actually demonstrate the
treachery of the Armenians.
But what have the deniers to say about the amplitude of documents
with which are replete the state archives of Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary, the two
principal and committed World War I allies of the Ottoman Turks? Armenian genocide
literature is suffused with a large body of such documents that are not only reliable but
are explicit about the premeditated and centrally organized nature of the mass murder in
question.
Nope; that argument is not going to fly anymore. Only a few years prior, Austria-Hungary
demonstrated its belligerence toward the Ottomans by illegally annexing
Bosnia-Herzegovina. An Austrian of integrity, Dr. Stefphan Steiner, who came around to seeing the truth (“The subsequent
events that happened in Turkey afterwards were only the consequences of this first hostile
attitude of the Armenians.") spelled out his previous mindset:
"... I was already a sympathizer of the Armenians... I had already heard plenty of
revolting details on the Armenian mass murders in Turkish Armenia and the Europeans...
attributed blame to the Turks alone and they regarded the Armenians as the innocent
victims of Turkish religious hatred and of the bestial passions of a barbaric
population."
He was speaking for all Austrians and Germans. What can we expect of them? Just as we know
the West harbors a terrible prejudice against Turks today, back then these feelings of
antipathy were at least as bad. Although the Ottoman Empire was on its last legs, its
reputation over the centuries was that of bogeyman; once it was a world power that
threatened Christian Europe. Austria, for example, was threatened twice, at the gates of
Vienna. (They consequently invented the croissant; biting into these crescent-shaped
pastries was a way of demonstrating anti-Turkish animosity.)
The Germans were no different. Germans and Turks were driven into each others’ arms from
geo-political circumstances and necessities, not out of any love. Overall, the Germans
were highly contemptuous of the “second-class” Turks. Tune in this page for more.

To present an idea of Germany's feelings of friendship toward the Ottomans, in Feb. 10,
1912, while the powers were still jockeying for position, Britain's Secretary of State
Haldane met with the German Chancellor von Bethmann Hollweg in Berlin. "We also had a
satisfactory conversation," Viscount Haldane wrote in his 1920 book, Before the
War, "about the Bagdad Railway and other things in Turkey connected with the
Persian Gulf, and we discussed possibilities of the rearrangement of certain interests of
both Powers in Africa."
It would defy any logic, not to speak of the established rationale
of exigent solidarity among wartime allies, that Ottoman Turkey’s political and military
partners would be motivated to falsely discredit that country in the midst of the crisis
of the war by recording and documenting a capital crime.
Particularly as the years dragged on, German efforts to keep a lid on the issue
diminished. As American newspaperman George Schreiner discovered, when even Germans refused to publish the truth about
Armenian-Turkish relations:
“The religious societies of Germany had finally managed to present the case of the
Armenians to the emperor and had prevailed upon him to interest himself in these fellow
Christians.”
We must bear in mind that the Wellington
House designed propaganda against the Turks was so powerful, the Germans also hoped to
distance themselves from the charges; to the world, it looked as though these overlords of
the Ottoman Empire must have been the masterminds of the massacres.
In fact, German ambassador after German ambassador (Wangenheim,
Hohenlohe, Kühlmann, and Bernstorff) consistently and repeatedly used the word Ausrottung
(extermination) to describe the Armenian experience. In contemporary parlance that term
denotes the idea of genocide.
And that certainly must prove it. These Germans, as the others, did not eyewitness a
thing. Their Christian-sympathizing hearts went to teary-eyed Armenians and missionaries,
especially when those from the latter group were fellow Germans, as Johannes Lepsius. The reports they read derived from such
sources, their Armenian interpreters whispered in their ears, and it was easy to reach
conclusions such as "Ausrottung.” But their personal opinions are no
substitute for the truth. Particularly, when there were reports from German officers on the field presenting a very different
side of the equation.
They have rendered that crime verifiable by such
record keeping. If one adds to this the additional fact that these records were at the
time compiled for strictly internal use, i.e. for in-house consideration, and were not
intended for public consumption, one may be reasonably safe in declaring the evidence
obtained thusly as incontestable.
Not when the sources these records relied upon were corrupt to begin with. Incidentally,
if Vahakn Dadrian sincerely believes in what he is telling us, he has exposed his own
shameful hypocrisy. The Ottoman archives are top-heavy with such records “compiled for strictly internal use,” that show the Ottomans were
protecting Armenians, and that also show the massacres, crimes and treachery of the
Armenians. What is Dadrian’s excuse for totally ignoring these records? (Or his attempts
to dismiss them, by attempting to demonstrate the Turks were liars, or whatever other
reason he concocts. Why does not Dadrian similarly conclude, as he goes on to write about
the German records, that Ottoman records have “the attributes of
reliability, explicitness, incontestability, and verifiability, {and} is compelling
evidence”?
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Why rely on Ottoman archival accounts to write history? Because
they are the sort of solid data that is the basis of all good history. The Ottomans
did not write propaganda for today's media. The reports of Ottoman soldiers and
officials were not political documents or public relations exercises. They were secret
internal reports in which responsible men relayed what they believed to be true to
their government. They might sometimes have been mistaken, but they were never liars.
There is no record of deliberate deception in Ottoman documents. Compare this to the
dismal history of Armenian Nationalist deceptions: fake statistics on population, fake
statements attributed to Mustafa Kemal, fake telegrams of Talat Pasa, fake reports in
a Blue Book, misuse of court records and, worst of all, no mention of Turks who were
killed by Armenians. (Dr. Justin McCarthy at the Turkish Grand National Assembly, March 24, 2005)
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To obviate unnecessary arguments about questionable
authenticity and “victor’s justice,” the discussion thus far has been
deliberately kept free from any and all references to the court-martial proceedings
of the Turkish Military Tribunal prosecuting the authors of the Armenian genocide in
the 1919-1920 Armistice years. Despite the valiant efforts of the Young Turk party
leaders to remove and destroy all incriminating evidence in this regard, inevitably
an exiguous number of documents randomly survived these cleansing operations.
Thank you, Vahakn Dadrian, for spelling out why the bread and butter of Dadrian’s
genocide thesis, the 1919-20 kangaroo courts,
are next to worthless. Although the fact that he dismisses the reasons of “questionable authenticity and ‘victor’s justice’” as
“unnecessary” serves as a further testament to the
man’s lack of honesty. If these do not constitute solid reasons as to why we
should think twice before considering them, the British themselves would not have rejected their findings for their
own Malta Tribunal process. He winds up the above with another convenient assertion,
that the Young Turk party leaders tried to “remove and
destroy all incriminating evidence,” without presenting the proof. Indeed,
between the sparse time when the Armistice was signed and the British occupied the
defeated nation (immediately appointing an Armenian in charge of the archives), the
Ottoman leaders who were attempting to make a getaway were scrounging through
thousands of documents, shredding the ones implicating them. (They must have made a
beeline to the handy-dandy “genocide” section.)
Before being introduced as exhibits in the trials, each one of
them was authenticated by competent Interior Ministry officials who appended the
notation “it conforms to the original” to them.
Yet as Guenter Lewy succinctly and inarguably told us, “ few historians would take period officials at
their word without verification." Remember, these were corrupt courts, set
up for reasons of retribution from a dishonest successor government, and also
because a gun was placed at their heads by the Allies. (As Dadrian himself instructed.) If a Nazi puppet court
officer from Vichy France wrote “it conforms to the original,” who would
accept this sort of validation at face value?
It is no accident that that the two foremost genocides of this
century were consummated in the vortex of two global wars. Official German and
Austrian documents clearly indicate that in broad outlines and in sketchy form there
was a pre-war scheme to liquidate once and for all the Ottoman Armenian population
at the first propitious moment.
One can’t compare a powerful Nazi Germany at the outset of WWII, with the luxury
and means to act as an aggressor, with the bankrupt “Sick Man” fighting a
desperate war of defense against superpowers bent on the nation’s extinction. If
the Ottomans were of the mind to exterminate the Armenians, the welfare and
existence of their nation would have demanded that they wait, and make use of their
great national Armenian resource first. As victors, there would be time to get
genocidal later. As losers, there would be no nation left, and the extermination of
the Armenians would serve as a moot point. (As history has borne out, the Ottoman
nation ultimately suffered an extinction, and if it weren't for one man, there may not have been a
Turkey today.) Moreover, insofar as those documents from bigoted and/or ignorant
Germans and Austrians opining on hearsay, “broad outlines
and... sketchy form” can never serve as concrete evidence. We also
possessed not long ago in “broad outlines and in sketchy form” the fact that
Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.
Here’s Dadrian’s own broad outline in regards to how his genocide got
implemented:
1. Within 24 hours after signing on August 2, 1914 the secret
Turko-German political and military alliance, the Turkish High Command ordered
General Mobilization, as a result of which practically all able-bodied Armenian
males in the 20-45 age categories were conscripted in the Turkish army. After having
been used for a while as labor battalion soldiers, most of them were executed by
Turkish officers and fellow soldiers.
Our "scholar" is making it sound as though Armenians were targeted
exclusively for conscription when all Ottoman men were conscripted. These Armenians
were trained and equipped as all Ottoman soldiers; every man was needed in the
desperate fighting to come. As Dadrian well knows, Armenian soldiers were put to use
in the fighting at the beginning phase of the war, as in Sarikamish. That is when the
evidence of Armenian treachery kept getting reinforced; while some Armenians fought
dutifully, there were too many who deserted, or sabotaged their side’s efforts. At
this point the Armenian soldiers were disarmed, and placed in labor battalions. (In
actuality, the decision to disarm Armenian soldiers had been made shortly before the
war began in November 1914, but took several months to implement.) Note Dadrian is
hoping to get away with the notion that they were placed in these labor battalions
from the get-go. And while some Armenian soldiers were massacred (Dadrian is aware
that in probably the most major example taking place in Sivas, Vehip Pasha tried and
executed some of the perpetrators, actions disproving a government-sponsored
extermination policy; Jemal Pasha also
convicted and hanged two officers for a massacre near Urfa), there is no evidence to
signify “most” were executed.
Dadrian keeps confirming his missing morality when he makes such inflammatory
statements without legitimate back-up.
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| (After the Armenians of the
Ottoman Third Army had passed over to the Russians to return soon after to massacre
Muslims, the result was) "the immediate disarmament by the Ottoman authorities
of the gendarmes and other Armenian soldiers who still remained in the army (probably
because they had been unable to escape)." — Raphael de Nogales |
2. About the same time, the War Ministry in close cooperation
with the supreme directorate of the Young Turk party, the so-called Committee of
Union and Progress (CUP), restructured and refurbished the notorious Special
Organization, the Teshkilati Mahsusa, as the main instrument of the planned mass
murder. Thousands of bloodthirsty criminals were released from the main prisons of
the Empire over extended periods of time. After a week’s training on the
campgrounds of the War Ministry, they were deployed in the interior of Turkey for
massacre duty. In the words of a Turkish military intelligence officer at the time
on duty in the Ottoman General Headquarters, “they perpetrated the greatest crimes
against the Armenians.”2
The Special Organization (S. O.) is Vahakn Dadrian’s invented “Gestapo Fall Guy.”
The S. O. was a military special operations unit, “dealing with both Arab
separatism and Western imperialism” (Philip Stoddard), and they had plenty to
worry about on their hands than to pay attention to killing Armenians. The great
manpower shortage was the reason why convicts were recruited, so that secondary
duties as guarding Armenians would not be performed by the professional soldiers,
desperately needed at multiple fronts. Making use of convict manpower is
historically not an uncommon practice
for many nations. (Remember “The Dirty Dozen”? The idea was inspired by
convict usage by the USA during WWII.) These convicts were used as gendarmes, but
not for the sensitive duties required by the S.O.; this unit played no role in
the relocations. Dadrian’s footnote is Ahmet Refik, [Two Committees, Two
Massacres. 1994, p. 27), where the “Turkish military intelligence officer”
(Elsewhere, Dadrian gave Refik the
job of “deportation official”) is unscrupulously made into an “inside
genocide man” as much as possible, so that we won’t question the selective quote
provided by Dadrian, the one about, “they perpetrated the
greatest crimes against the Armenians.”
Yet the translation in Dadrian’s “The Armenian Genocide: an interpretation” (America
and the Armenian genocide of 1915, p. 93) was as follows: "These felons
who were released from the prisons committed the greatest crimes during the Armenian
horrors."
Let’s go to Dadrian’s essay
against Guenter Lewy that appeared in Jihad Watch, where Dadrian wrote that
Refik “singled out the brigands, the 'chettes' of the Special Organization who, he
said 'committed the greatest crimes,' (en buyuk cinayetteri)
during that genocide.” Now the blame falls on the “chettes,” which are
partisan, criminal gangs. (Or, as Moss and Gilliam wrote in 1923’s “The Turkish Myth”: “roving bands
about as lawless as the mobs in parts of the American South, and about as
out-of-hand politically as the banditti who infest parts of Italy and Spain.”
When there were massacres, it was these lawless, renegade forces that committed
them.)
While essentially offering the same meaning, the translations offered are so
different, one's trust in Dadrian to relay further information becomes more eroded.
Only a reading of Altinay's book will determine whether he was laying blame on the
convicts or the "chettes." Regardless of whether V. D. is making things
up, we know he is leaving things out. Refik Altinay witnessed the most despicable
crimes of mass murder perpetrated by Armenians (that would be the second committee
and massacres that forms his book’s title), and "...fresh corpses lying
about in the streets and deep in the wells covered with blood not yet dried were
those of the poor Turks killed by Armenians” was just one of the things he wrote in this very book, regarding
the invisible victims of this equation.

From Karabekir's book, "Armenian
Cruelties"; Ahmet Refik must be the man in the middle of the two others
identified by arrows (added by Holdwater), likely "Dr. Weiss (German),"
and "Doctor Stein
(Austrian)." They are observing wells filled with Muslim bodies, recording
(during April-May 1918) the devastation left behind by the retreating Armenians.
Vahakn Dadrian BUSTED:
Ahmet Refik Altinay
Instead of groping in the dark about how badly Dadrian must have manipulated
one of his most important Turkish sources, I figured it was high time to
consult what the original source had to say. I wondered if Prof. Kemal Cicek
(who helped with busting Dadrian’s claims regarding Halil Pasha) was familiar with
Refik’s book, and here is the real story:
Refik was not a “Turkish Military Intelligence Officer.” Quite
the contrary, Refik was a staunch opponent of the CUP and never got on well
with the party from the beginning. “He was in fact a supporter of the
opposition party, which was known as Itilaf Partisi, the Party of
Reconciliation,” Prof. Cicek wrote. In other words, Refik was an enemy
of the CUP and subsequently was never given a responsible position during
WWI. “When the war broke out in 1914 he was called into the military
service with the rank of Yüzbasi (Major) and appointed as the head of the
Recruitment Department in Eskisehir. This was not a critical position as
there were such departments in all towns.” After returning to Istanbul
due to illness and later appointed to the General Inspectorate of
Censorship, Refik Altinay wrote an insulting biography about Enver Pasha’s
father. “He was dismissed in 1915 and sent to the town of Ulukisla as a
civil servant charged with Acquisition of barley and saman [straw?].”
Prof. Cicek also reminds us that “Ahmet Refik accuses Armenians in
eastern Anatolia of starting the atrocities and siding with the Russians.
Dadrian never touches on this very important detail.”
The original in Turkish will appear on this page if you click here.
“Nihayet Ermenilerin Van kit’ali,
askeri hareketlere engel teskil etmeleri, Ittihatçilarin milli gayeleri
için mühim bir firsat vücuda getirdi. Adil ve kuvvetine güvenir bir
hükümetin böyle bir vaziyet karsisinda yapacagi sey, hükûmet aleyhine
isyanlari tahakkuk edenleri tecziye eylemekti, fakat Ittihatçilar
Ermenileri imha etmek ve bu suretle Vilâyât-i Sitte meselesini de ortadan
kaldirmak istediler. Anadolu’nun sark sinirlarinda Ermenilerin artik
yevm-i halasi (kurtulus günü) geldi zannederek alelacele kiyam-i
kitâllere mebde (baslangiç) teskil etti. Ermeni, Türk binlerce vatan
evladi komitelerin ayaklari altinda çignendi. Harbin bidayetinde Anadolu’ya
Istanbul’dan birçok çeteler gönderilmisti. Bu çeteler mahpustan
çikarilan katiller ve hirsizlardan mürekkepti. Bunlar Harbiye Nezareti
meydaninda bir hafta talim görürler, Teskilat-i Mahsusa marifetiyle Kafkas
hududuna gönderilirlerdi. Ermeni mezaliminde en büyük cinayetleri bu
çeteler ipka ittiler. Mamafih Sarkî Anadolu’da umumi bir herc ü merc
hakim ferma idi. Burada çeteler ve halk birbirini imha ediyor, kan gövdeyi
götürüyordu. Ermeniler Ruslara iltihak etmisler, Van sehrine hücum
ediyorlardi. Hatta Ermenilerin bu hareketleri Ruslarin takdirini celp itmis,
Sasanof bu mes’eleye dair resmi beyanatinda (Van’a) taarruz eden
Ermenilerin gayret ve secaatlerini takdir eylemisti. Fakat en masum, en
bigâne hiçbir cürümleri olmadigi halde tehcir felaketleriyle tebah olan
Ermeniler, Brusa, Ankara, Eskisehir ve Konya vilayetlerinde yasayanlardi.”
[Close]
The Turkish extract is from p. 23 of the original 1919 version, evidently
conforming to p. 27 of Dadrian’s 1994 reprint. Here is Dadrian’s
version:
"The criminal gangs who were released from the
prisons, after a week's training at the War Ministry's training grounds,
were sent off to the Caucasian front as the brigands of the Special
Organization, perpetrating the worst crimes against the Armenians... . The
Ittihadists intended to destroy the Armenians, and thereby to do away with
the Question of the Eastern Provinces." "In order to justify this
enormous crime [of the Armenian genocide] the requisite propaganda material
was thoroughly prepared in Istanbul. [It included such statements as] the
Armenians are in league with the enemy. They will launch an uprising in
Istanbul, kill off the Ittihadist leaders and will succeed in opening up the
straits [to enable the Allied fleets to capture Istanbul]. These vile and
malicious incitements [were such, however, that they] could persuade only
people who were not even able to feel the pangs of their own hunger."
"among those Armenians who were atrociously wasted, despite the fact
that they were most innocent, guiltless, and who had committed no crime
whatsoever, were the Armenians of Bursa, Ankara, Eskiehir, and Konya."
The Dadrian source was not provided, but we can assume Dadrian has not made
a "straight through" translation, and what is featured are
piecemeal parts. What is below is the "actual" translation:
"In the end, massacres in Van and hindrance of
military operations by the Armenians had created an opportunity for the
national goals of the Unionists [CUP]. The thing that a just and strong
government would do under such conditions would be to punish those who
rebelled against the government. But the Unionists wanted to destroy the
Armenians, and thereby solve the Question of the Eastern Provinces.
Assumption that the day of salvation had finally come for the Armenians in
the eastern borders of Anatolia started all of a sudden many atrocities and
massacres. Armenian, Turk and thousands of people were crushed under the
feet of these gangs (komiteler). At the beginning of the War, many gangs had
been sent from Istanbul to Anatolia. These gangs were made up of murderers
and thieves released from prison. These gangs were being trained for a week
at the square of the War Ministry, and then were sent off to the Caucasian
front by the Special Organization. These gangs perpetrated the worst of the
crimes during the Armenian atrocities. Nevertheless there was such a chaotic
situation in eastern Anatolia. There, the people and the gangs were
destroying each other, and a very bloody war was prevalent everywhere. The
Armenians had joined Russia and attacked the city of Van. In fact, the
Russians welcomed this behavior of the Armenians and Sasanof praised the
energy and the heroic fighting of the Armenians in his official statement
with regard to this incident. Unfortunately, the Armenians of Bursa, Ankara,
Eskisehir and Konya had become the subject of the disastrous displacement
despite the fact that these were the most innocent, guiltless, of [the
Armenians] who had committed no crime whatsoever."
What are the discrepancies? Dadrian attempted to make Refik an “inside man”
of the genocide in his other writings, by tying him with military
intelligence or by terming him outright as a “deportation official.” The
fact is, Refik was totally out of the loop. So we don’t know what
Refik was basing his opinions on; he was not involved with these matters at
all. The main genocidal point that he made was that “the Unionists
wanted to destroy the Armenians.” It is obvious that if the Unionists
had destruction in mind, the majority of Armenians could not have survived.
(A factor that could have influenced this statement is that Refik had a beef
against the CUP government.)
What he was saying, to answer the questions raised above, is that the
convicts formed the chettes, trained and unleashed by the Special
Organization. So Dadrian was not manipulating this meaning after all. What
needs to be asked is how Refik could have arrived upon this conclusion, as
he was not on the inside track; perhaps, as a foe of the CUP, he read some
of the assertions of those involved in early 1919's courts-martial,
published in the now anti-CUP government newspapers, and which Dr. Gwynne
Dyer has correctly characterized as "gossip."
It seems to me that the humanitarian Ahmet Refik was lamenting the fact that
the government moved the Armenians out with a heavy hand, taking innocent
and guilty alike; ordinarily, he would have been right about that. But if
there is another nation threatened with extinction in the thick of war that
would have treated a rebellious minority more sensitively, I wonder which
nation that could have been. Nations such as the USA and Canada in WWII and
Great Britain in WWI, neither threatened with extinction nor even invasion,
headed off their potentially rebellious minorities at the pass, before these
minorities even had a chance to rebel. (The Japanese and Germans, respectively.) The moral of this story is that
“war is unfair and it stinks.” (Ahmet Refik wrote “The thing that a
just and strong government would do under such conditions” would have
been to single out strictly the lawbreakers. He is 100% correct, but war
changes the standards of “just.” [In my country of recent times, for
example, think two words: “Patriot Act.”] And the Ottoman Empire was not
a “strong” government; central command was weak, as even Ambassador
Morgenthau has attested.
This is why locals sometimes felt free to take matters into their own hands,
ignoring Talat’s August 1915 order to cease further Armenian relocations.)
===================
"It appears obvious that the Turkish
authorities, anxious for the safety of their lines of communication, had no
other alternative than to order the removal of their rebellious subjects to
some place distant from the seat of hostilities, and their internment there.
The enforcement of this absolutely necessary precaution led to further
risings on the part of the Armenians. The remaining Moslems were almost
defenceless, because the regular garrisons were at the front as well as the
greater part of the police and able-bodied men. Already infuriated at the
reports of the atrocities committed at Van by the insurgents, in fear for
their lives and those of their relatives, they were at last driven by the
cumulative effect of these events into panic and retaliation and, as
invariably happens in such cases, the innocent suffered with the
guilty". (Henry Wood, U.P.A. Correspondent [USA] stationed in the
Ottoman Empire during a part of 1915.)
===================
Otherwise, Ahmet Refik is accurately painting the picture that everyone was
at each other’s throats, the “intercommunal fighting” reality of WWI’s
Ottoman Empire. What is Dadrian doing? Deceptively making it seem as though
Ahmet Refik offered actual evidence of a “genocide,” since Ahmet Refik,
as Dadrian falsely portrayed, was an insider. And look at the horrible way
Dadrian went about translating some of Ahmet Refik’s words. For example,
Ahmet Refik stated flat out that the Armenians had joined the enemy. The way
Dadrian twisted this was to write the government had prepared propaganda claiming
that the Armenians were in league with the enemy. As Dr. Guenter Lewy put it, “Vahakn Dadrian is... guilty
of willful mistranslations, selective quotations, and other serious
violations of scholarly ethics.” Guilty as charged.
Prof. Cicek informs me that he is preparing a book tentatively entitled “Dadrian’s
Gallery of Shame.” Finally a scholar is taking the trouble to consult
the mysterious Turkish sources Dadrian has misused and abused all of this
time. Let’s hope this book will be translated into English and made
available outside Turkey. (But Dadrian and his supporters may still breathe
easily; they know how hopeless the Turks are in making important information
available. Can the reader believe that this 1919 book of Ahmet Refik
Altinay, “Two Committees, Two Massacres,” is evidently still
untranslated and unavailable outside Turkey?)
|
3. Between this period and the initiation of the deportations
and massacres in April 1915, the provincial Armenian population had been subjected
to a constant barrage of provocative acts involving rape, plunder and murder. As
attested to by German consuls on duty in the interior of Turkey, segments of the
Armenian population as early as November 1914 had been challenged to resist, and
even to retaliate to provide pretexts to the Turks for leveling against the
Armenians in general pre-planned charges of rebellion... German Ambassador
Wangenheim... transmitted to Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg a report of Captain Dr.
Paul Schwarz, his consul at Erzurum. Detailing the provocations of the brigands...
the consul spoke of the acute alarm of “the Armenian population of Erzurum,
especially the rural population.”3 ...(referring) to these provocations as “harbingers
of new massacres” ... Another consul, Scheubner-Richter... likewise reported to
Berlin on “the excesses and severe harassment” of the targeted Armenians by the
Turkish authorities, but especially by the Special Organization cadres, the
so-called chetes.4 Major General Otto von Lossow... declared, “Wherever possible,
the Armenians are being aroused, provoked in the hope of thereby securing a pretext
for new assaults on them” ...5 (In the footnotes, the first report is dated
December 1914, no date is provided for the second, and the third is August 5, 1918.)
The reality is that the Armenians were prepared with secret caches of arms and
ammunition stored throughout the empire, ready to strike as soon as their nation was
at their weakest, as the Hunchak charter spelled out. (“The most opportune time
to institute the general rebellion for carrying out the immediate objectives was
when Turkey was engaged in war.” Nalbandian,
1963) Days after war broke out, Armenians stirred trouble in Van (see New York
Times link below) and soon eruptions would break out throughout many areas of
the empire (consult pp. 196-200 of Gurun’s “The Armenian File,” 1985,
for a sampling of internal Ottoman telegram communications, reporting upon many
different villages; here’s a few for the Van area, and one for Sivas; as Dadrian instructed above, reports prepared for
internal use would be looked upon “thusly as incontestable”), helped by
the $13 million (in today’s money) that the Armenians received from Russia (“for
the initial cost of arming and preparing the Turkish Armenians and to start riots
within the country during the war,” as the Dashnak military minister put it during February 1915). Now what
are these Christian-sympathizing German consuls reporting far from the spot, and
mainly from the comfort of their offices, having derived their information from
their Armenian assistants and who knows where else? The first one is telling us that
the poor, innocent Armenians were “challenged to resist, and
even to retaliate to provide pretexts to the Turks.” Is that really what
was happening, or were the Armenians firing the planned first shot, as usual... as
even The New York Times reported?
The third one's contention is especially ludicrous, and he (von Luslow) appears to
be the only non-consul of the bunch (he should have known better, as the on-the-spot
honest German officer pointed to
above, and another will below). Assuming von Luslow was
reporting on conditions in eastern Anatolia (Armenian propaganda tells us there were
practically no other Armenians left in the rest of the empire, so for that and
common sense reasons, it’s reasonable to assume as such), Armenians were in charge
of good parts of this territory in 1918, committing the most devilish acts of mass
murder, as their Russian allies recorded. So who was going to arouse the Armenians? The
Armenians needed no help in being “aroused.”
Assuming Dadrian translated these passages responsibly, it is lamentable what this
“foremost authority on the Armenian genocide” is doing. Thanks to the words of a
few ignorant bigots, not in keeping with the historical reality, we are asked to
believe crimes committed by Armenians were a “set-up” by the Turks!
(Not incidentally, Dadrian’s third footnote “5,” from 1918, and most likely
the second and undated footnote “4” are irrelevant, as his notion pertained
strictly to “Between this period [Aug. 1914] and the
initiation of the deportations and massacres in April 1915.” Also not
incidentally, every genocide-cheering Armenian has it tattooed on his or her
forehead that the “genocide” began on April 24, 1915. Yet the “deportations
and massacres” did not take place on April 24; the resettlement order was decided
on in May 27, and implemented days later. The first sign of a relocation decision
took place on May 2nd, as signs of
Armenian treachery became too plentiful to ignore.)
|
| |
The massive nightly surprise arrests of some 2345 Armenian leaders
in Istanbul 6 from the fields of commerce, education, politics, religion and the arts on
April 24, 1915 ushered in the actual first phase of the Armenian genocide as similar mass
arrests were carried out in all large cities of the Empire, especially in the eastern
provinces. None of these arrested were charged or tried in a court of law, and very few of
them escaped summary murder at the hands of the brigands of the Special Organization.
With the above statement, Vahakn Dadrian proves once again what a low-lying scoundrel he
can be. He knows with every fiber that the number of Armenians arrested on April 24 was
235, and not 2,345. the 2,345 figure was what appears to have been a typographical error
in the book of Esat Uras, “The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question,”
(more on this below*) and has been mindlessly repeated at times
by Turkish scholars. (Dadrian’s footnote is “Kamuran Gurun, Ermeni Dosyasi [The
Armenian File] (Ankara: 1983), p 213.” Dadrian no doubt has the corrected later 1985
edition in English, where the figure is given as 235. On p. 206 the “235” figure is
given twice:
“Upon this instruction of the Ministry of the Interior, 235 people were arrested in
Istanbul. This day, 24 April, on which the Armenians hold demonstrations each year
claiming it is the date of the massacre, is the day when these 235 people were arrested.”
The director of the Turkish archives, Yusuf Sarinay, has examined these documents and has
confirmed the figure to be 235. (Which only makes sense. It would take an army to go
directly to over two thousand homes in one night and following day. How numerous a force
constituted the “Constantinople Cops”?) Johannes Lepsius also cited 235 in the 1921
Berlin trial of Soghoman Tehlirian. You can read more as this mystery was being uncovered,
and Prof. Cicek helped with its unraveling as well.
Of course, the slippery Dadrian is going to go with the mistaken 2,345 because 2,345
sounds much worse than 235. The facts don’t matter to Vahakn Dadrian; anything that
shows the Turks to be monstrous is what the “genocide scholar” prefers to go with.
(And notice nothing is said regarding the treachery of these "leaders," the very
word used by the Armenian historian Borian, when revealing the motives of these leaders. As you'll
read later on this page, a Dashnak Armenian implicated some of these
very Istanbul leaders in their plans for rebellion.) As Prof. Malcolm Yapp astutely observed, “The author's approach is not that of
an historian trying to find out what happened and why but of a lawyer assembling the case
for the prosecution in an adversarial system.”
(*The oddly translated passage — with the presumably figurative usage of the word
"soldiers" — from the 1988 English language version of Uras' classic book, p.
872, is: "Indeed, if it is remembered that in Istanbul out of an Armenian
popuation of 77,735 only 2,345 soldiers who were accused of having participated in the
rebellion were arrested, and that the rest continue to live and work in peace and comfort,
it must be admitted that the measures were in no way directed against the Armenian people
as a whole but were implemented in order to meet a specific need dictated by the
circumstances." There is no documentation that supports this figure, in the event
that it was supposed to represent the number of Istanbul Armenians arrested in total
over the years, and not just April 24. Once again: Uras's information does not
single out April 24.)
Regarding Dadrian’s ending comment on this matter, “None of
these arrested were charged or tried in a court of law, and very few of them escaped
summary murder at the hands of the brigands of the Special Organization,” of
course they were tried. (At least Dadrian does not go so far as what Armenian propaganda
typically tells us, that these men were all killed the same night.) They were first
imprisoned, and then tried; 25 were found guilty and sent up the river in two prisons, 57
were “deported” to Zor (where presumably they were not placed behind bars, but allowed
to mingle), and 35 were released in the four months between their arrest and August 31. No
doubt the bulk of the numbers unaccounted for were executed (and the “Special
Organization” had nothing to do with imprisonment measures; notice how our
"scholar" inserts the Special Organization every chance he gets), as is the
standard fate for any citizen organizing a treasonous rebellion in practically all nations
of the world. None of these facts matter to Vahakn Dadrian; he will make any false
statement, as long as he feels he can get away with it.
It is necessary to point out that Dadrian's source, "The Armenian File,"
is a powerful book, loaded from top to
bottom with Turk-unfriendly sources, which cannot be construed as "Turkish
propaganda." Dadrian credits this book for the turning around of one-time genocide
proponent, Prof. Bernard Lewis.
Since Dadrian admits to having read this book, what is his excuse for ignoring its many
irrefutable facts? When he refers to this book in his countless papers over the years, it
is only to take advantage of the book's few errors. Could there be stronger evidence to
prove Dadrian is anything but a truth-teller?
- The second phase involved the wholesale
deportation, and destruction in one way or another, of the bulk of the remaining Armenian
population that consisted of terrified old men, women, and children. In order to give this
undertaking a semblance of legality, a Temporary Law of Deportation was decreed on May 27,
1915, by administrative fiat.
If Dadrian is now telling us the “deportation” began on May 27 (after dopily implying
young Armenian men throughout the entire country must have all been killed by May 27),
then why did he state earlier that “the initiation of the
deportations and massacres (took place) in April 1915"? Is his loophole word
“initiation”?
(Yet credit goes to our ethically-challenged foremost authority for pointing out the law
was indeed “temporary.” All those relocated had the
option of returning by 1918’s end, and a good number had already gone back home before
that time; see box below, for example. Odd for a people supposed to
have been subjected to “wholesale annihilation.”)
As we know from the reams of Armenian
oral testimony, the relocated people being limited to “old men,
women and children” is another falsehood. Plenty of men from all ages were also
in on the ride. For example, Hrant Sarian’s
father and uncle were not taken to the side to be shot. As another example, one of the
three books Dadrian read to turn him on to his immoral crusade (“I Ask You, Ladies
and Gentlemen”), flatly reveals the
author’s father and an uncle were among those sent off. The reason why younger men were
few is because many had been drafted, many of those drafted deserted, and many refused the draft in the first
place, instead heading over to the Russian border (like Talat’s killer, Soghoman
Tehlirian, and his brother Missak, in 1914), or to make way to the mountains to harass
Ottoman armies from the rear.
“The second phase involved the wholesale deportation, and
destruction in one way or another....” What does that mean? If “one way or
another” signifies non-murderous methods, such as famine and disease — causes claiming
most of the lives of the 2.7 million other Ottomans who died (including soldiers, who also
died by the thousands of famine and disease) — are we to conclude these deaths were
intentional?
Many of the deportee convoys were ambushed and destroyed through
butchery, drowning in the tributaries of the Euphrates River or in the Black Sea, or
through burning alive in specially dug large pits, haylofts, stables and barns. The rest
was allowed to perish through starvation, disease and infirmity.
If the rest were “allowed” to perish, then the massive
number of non-Armenian Ottomans who also died from these causes must have similarly been
given such “permission.” Some, not “many” of the convoys were ambushed, not always
resulting in their destruction. When the authorities got wind of these horrid ambushes,
they took steps to minimize future occurrences, by (for example) changing the routes for
those forced to take a hike. (Armenians fortunate to travel by rail mostly arrived unmolested.) The question to ask in
order to get at the bottom of whether there was a “genocide” or not is, who was behind
these ambushes and crimes? Lawless bands, often composed of Kurds, were the culprits.
There is no evidence the central authorities were behind these ambushes; quite the
contrary, the real evidence points to the authorities’ having the safety and welfare of
the Armenians in mind.
There have been plenty of excavations
revealing the many Muslims the Armenians murdered, but I’m not familiar with one example
of “specially dug large pits” where Armenians were
interred after being massacred. Iraq and Syria are no longer under Turkish control, and
one would think the mega-wealthy genocide industry would have sponsored such excavations
by now. Surely there must be no end to such burial grounds, especially since Vahakn
Dadrian keeps telling us 1.5 million Armenians were victims of “wholesale
annihilation.” (ADDENDUM, 3-07: Ara Sarafian seemed
gung-ho to unearth a supposed mass grave of 12,000 that Leslie Davis wrote about, and the Turkish Historical Society's Yusuf
Halacoglu offered to team up. Sarafian flirted with the idea, but ultimately bowed out. More.)
This is not to say Armenians were not massacred; of course a good many were. What we are
focusing on are the rash, “anything goes” claims of the “foremost authority of the
Armenian genocide,” without providing proof. Yes, Armenians and missionaries became
experts in inventing tales of Turkish deviltries, many requiring little imagination as it
was the Armenians perpetrating the most unimaginable horrors. But tales of hateful hearsay are no substitute for fact. As
an example, a Swedish officer was on
the spot along “the tributaries of the Euphrates River,”
and he did not find any evidence of such mass drownings. As for the Black Sea drownings,
even Ara Sarafian risked his reputation in the Armenian community by questioning whether such drownings — and there certainly were some
— could have been all that plentiful.
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"[T]he
Armenians felt excessive pleasure at having killed such unfortunate people."
— Raphael de Nogales
|
The third phase affected the multitudes of emaciated survivors
of the exhausting and debilitating treks of deportation. In the deserts of
Mesopotamia, in Ras-ul-Ain, Deir Zor and Shedadi in particular some 150,000 such
survivors were slaughtered by Chechen and Kurdish tribes in the summer of 1916 on
the order of Turkish authorities who were unpleasantly surprised by such a
relatively high survival rate.
What is giving this “scholarly” goof the idea that these “Chechen and Kurdish
tribes” were beholden to orders of the authorities? Some Kurdish tribes also
revolted during these war years, and their unmanageability is a historically well-known phenomenon. I also
wonder why Dadrian decided to give Chechens prominence, when they were far fewer in
number than the Kurds, and the other groups of the, at times fanatically Muslim,
Circassians and Arabs. (The credit for these four groups as the killers has been
often given by Armenian survivors. Footnote 40 in Lewy’s “Resettlement”
chapter — coming up — cites a French work by Raymond Kévorkian [“The
Extermination of Ottoman-Armenian Deportees in the Concentration Camps of
Syria-Mesopotamia”] and another by Kapikian [“Yeghernabadoum”].)
The fact of the matter is, there is no evidence that the Kurds and the others were
coerced or incited to act against Armenians. It was simply business as usual for the
criminals in these tribes, where human life was deemed as cheap. (But that won’t
stop Mr. Dadrian from making an unethically unsubstantiated statement such as “on the order of Turkish authorities.”
Vahakn Dadrian did not like it when he was accused of sexual harassment. The charge was true, and he lost his tenured
position as a university professor. But Dadrian still was not happy, and fought
against the repercussions of his misdeed. Now imagine making such a charge on no
evidence. Further imagine that the charge involves the worst crime of murder.
That is what this unscrupulous man is indulging in.
He is actually telling us 150,000 Armenians were “slaughtered.” Where did he get
this number from? What happened to the Armenians after they were resettled is an
episode that is tackled by reliance on tainted sources. Even solid scholar Guenter
Lewy, in his Herculean efforts to be fair (one reason likely being to lessen the
odds for the brave scholar to be branded as “pro-Turk”; no matter what he did,
he was going to be accused of such by the out-of-control genocide smearers), relied
almost entirely on these tainted sources (Armenians, missionaries and consuls) for
the “Resettlement” chapter of his book, The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman
Turkey: A Disputed Genocide. What we can be certain of is that many resettled
Armenians went through a horrible experience. What we can’t be certain of is that
those who were deliberately killed were done away with on the orders of the Ottoman
government. The best evidence is that the perpetrators were most often lawless “chettes,”
or gangs.
Here are the numbers from this chapter, for the heck of it. Ras-ul-Ain, an apparent
transit camp on the way to Zor that generally wound up being a kind of permanent
residence, had 20,000 Armenians in Feb. 1916 (Consul Jesse Jackson), reduced to
almost nothing by June of 1917. (Source: German missionary Bruno Eckart, one of Lepsius’
most “zealous and trusted co-workers”; Eckart felt the reason for the killings
was greed.) Lewy agrees the cause for death of these Ras-ul-Ain-detained Armenians
was murder. Meskene, another transit camp, had 55,000 dead by July’s end, 1916
(Consul Rossler). Rakka, a town by the Euphrates, and surroundings had 10,000
Armenians in Feb. 1916 (Consul Jesse Jackson), 6,000 in April 1917 (Swiss missionary
Künzler) and 1,000 by December 1917 (“Friend of Lepsius” Consul Rossler; 2,500
were taken to Urfa in Dec. 1916 and another large group to do Urfa road work in the
summer of 1917.) Der-el-Zor’s most authoritative figure appears to be 40,000 in
March 1916 (Consul Rossler); larger figures might have been referring to the entire
district and not the city. The original governor, Ali Suat Bey, treated the
Armenians conscientiously, but things got worse when replaced by Zeki Bey in April 1916. Obeying the
stipulation that Armenians were not to exceed 10% of the Muslim population, Zeki
expulsed thousands with dire results. 15,000 were left by the end of August 1916
(Consul Rossler). The ending location in this chapter is Damascus, but this one
doesn’t count, since Armenians were treated fairly by Jemal Pasha. It appears only
20,000 of 132,000 in southern Syria died (Maud Mandel review of Kévorkian’s book,
The Armenian Forum, Autumn 1998).
It’s hardly scientific and excludes the other areas Dadrian mentioned (but also
includes areas not mentioned), in addition to representing total figures
(Dadrian limited his 150,000 only to the "summer of 1916";
when did his remainder of 1.5 million-1.2 million minus 150,000 die?), yet let’s
add it up: 20,000 dead in Ras-ul-Ain, 55,000 in Meskene, let’s say 5,000 dead in
Rakka, and 25,000 dead in Zor. This serves as the most generous estimate, assuming
the difference between the numbers “before” and “after” meant all the
Armenians were killed. (Of course, that was not the case; groups were sometimes
moved out elsewhere, and no one can say with certainty what became of them.) Result:
105,000, a difference of 45,000 with Dadrian’s figure. (If we include the Damascus
mortality, the difference is reduced to 25,000.) Let’s keep in mind Lewy’s
figures were provided 100% by Armenian sympathizers. Additionally, let’s not
forget most victims had died of famine and disease, and Dadrian was being his usual
mean, dishonest self by telling us they had all been “slaughtered.”
What we can also be certain of is that the majority of resettled Armenians survived.
If extermination was the plan, figuratively speaking, there is not a single Armenian
under Ottoman control who would have been left alive. If “Turkish
authorities... were unpleasantly surprised by such a relatively high survival rate”
— that is, if they suddenly realized they had erred in their evil extermination
plan — why would the “genocide” have “all but run its course” in
1916?
(ADDENDUM, 9-07: Please bear in mind that Dadrian's
timetable for the "completion of the main part" of his genocide points to January-February
of 1916.)
The ending paragraph of Lewy’s “Zor” section bears repeating:
A German officer, Ludwig Schraudenbach, who passed through
Der-el-Zor in early 1917, reports hearing of horrible atrocities committed on the
orders of Zeki Bey. Children were said to have been tied between wooden boards and
set on fire. Schraudenbach’s account makes it clear that he heard of but did not
see any of these outrages. Dadrian leaves out this important qualification and
refers to these allegations as fact. (The original Schraudenbach source is
provided, along with Dadrian’s: “German Responsibility in the Armenian
Genocide...”, p. 195, n. 179)
Aside from serving as yet another corroboration of Dadrian’s fraudulent nature,
what’s revealing about the above passage is that Armenian propaganda was so
prevalent in German circles, even the military men could not help but be influenced
by what they had heard. That went across the board for all Germans and Austrians.
You’d think if Germany was so interested in protecting the reputation of their
Ottoman allies, the overwhelming view would have been that the Turks were innocent.
This was not the case, as we can see from this revealing example, helping us to
better understand as to why Germans and Austrians were quick to believe pro-Armenian
claims.
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"RESETTLEMENT
OF REFUGEES AND THE RESULTING VIOLENCE"
"By November of 1917, long before the war had come to an end, the Ottoman
government had discovered that its policy of resettling or deporting large groups of
people for strategic or other reasons was a resounding failure. Removing the few able
bodied men who were left after the massive conscription begun at the start of the war
had disrupted both agriculture and trade, decimating the market place and adding to
the results of the British naval blockade of the eastern Mediterranean to create
massive shortages of food, with supplies far short of what was needed to feed the
cities, let alone the thousands of refugees living in camps around the country.
Starting in late March, 1918, therefore, long before it was required to do so by the
Armistice of Mondros, the Ottoman government worked systematically to resettle
Armenians, Jews, Turks and Arabs who had been deported, relocated or driven out of
their homes in the war zones during World War I...."
"Deportation caravans carrying Armenians and Greeks to exile in interior
provinces were ordered stopped and their passengers returned to their homes. The
provincial and district governors were ordered to help the investigation committees
draw up detailed lists of all the Armenians and Greeks who had lived in the areas
under their jurisdiction before the war, how many had been deported and to where, how
many had been exempted from deportation and why, how many of those who had been
deported from other places were still living where they had been placed, and how many
had fled and could no longer be located. Detailed statistical reports were also drawn
up showing the ethnic populations of the districts and provinces before and after the
war so that they could be submitted when required to the Paris Peace Conference. All
Armenians who had been imprisoned for political crimes had to be released at once so
they could join the caravans returning the deportees to their homes, but Greek
political prisoners, like those Ottoman Greeks who had deserted from the army and fled
abroad, had to remain where they were until exchange agreements were made by treaty
between the Ottoman Empire and Greece..."
Prof. Stanford Shaw, "From Empire to Republic: The Turkish War of National
Liberation, 1918-1923 ," 2001, pp.236-237; more. |
It may be said that altogether some 1.2 million
Armenians perished in the course of this wartime disaster, even though by official Turkish
statistics the number of Armenians killed outright during the deportations was 800,000. 7
The source (provided with Turkish disclaimers, to Dadrian’s rare credit) is “Interior Minister Cemal’s public declaration in the Turkish daily Alemdar,
March 15, 1919,” a Turkish source as valid as the misprinted 2,345 Armenians
arrested on April 24... but that is not going to stop our “bezonian” scholar from
using it. (Did you know there was such a word, basically meaning “dishonest person”?
What a cool choice to describe an Armenian varlet as Vahakn.) Isn’t it interesting that
Cemal’s figure was almost exactly the same as the propagandistic mortality figure of
840,000 provided by the Armenian Patriarch? I wonder how Cemal had justified this figure,
since Ottoman statistics had the pre-war Armenian population at 1.3 million. If 800,000
died, only 500,000 Armenians would have been left alive, which is half the figure of what
even Dadrian points to! No less curiously, Dadrian’s trumped up mortality figure of 1.2
million almost exactly matches the Patriarch’s 1,260,000... only the Patriarch was
referring to Armenian survivors. (By the way, Dadrian opened his paper with the
statement that in the “1915-17 genocide against the Armenians...
some 1.5 million people lost their lives.” He can’t get the numbers straight
even in the same paper, proving once again that for genocide-obsessed Armenians, “numbers
don’t matter.”)
The reason why Cemal offered a mortality figure in agreement with the Armenian Patriarch
was because Cemal was part of the Allied-occupied, postwar puppet administration. Shame on
Dadrian for presenting this source as an authoritative one; the 1919 facts and acts
offered by the corrupt government of Damad Ferid Pasha constitutes Dadrian’s bread and
butter; in particular the kangaroo courts-martial of 1919-20.
THE LOWDOWN ON CEMAL
(ADDENDUM, 3-07)
1) Interior Minister Cemal's interview was not with the Turkish Daily Alemdar,
but with the French-language newspaper, Moniteour Oriental. Evidently, all
of the Turkish dailies from the period (such as Ikdam, Hadisat, etc.) used
the translation from the French on 15 March 1919.
2) On 19 March 1919 (only four days after this news was published in the
newspapers), Minister Cemal (sometimes "Djemal") denied that he
said 800.000 Armenians were killed; rather, he stated this was the number of those
who were relocated. He said he remembered very clearly that he did not
claim eight hundred thousand were killed, adding that it was clear the number of
killed could not have approached such a high level. This retraction was published
in the daily Tasvir-i Efkar on 19 March 1919 ("19 March 1335" by
the Ottoman Calendar.) Source: Ferudun Ata, Isgal Istanbul'unda Tehcir
Yargilamalari ("Relocation Trials under Occupied Istanbul"), Ankara,
2005, THS. pp. 141-142.
Dadrian's Alemdar also printed the retraction of Cemal's words, with the
interpretation that Minister Cemal realized this figure would prove to be harmful
at the peace negotiations. Source: Nejdet Bilgi, Ermeni Tehciri ve Bogazliyan
Kaymakami Mehmed Kemal Beyin Yargilanmasi ("The Armenian Relocation and
the Trial of Mehmed Kemal Bey, the Prefect of Bogazliyan), Ankara, 1999, p. 131.
Dadrian disciple Taner Akcam is reported to have admitted Cemal later claimed the
800,000 was the number resettled and not killed, doing his mentor one better in
terms of credibility. However, Akcam editorializes (as to be expected), that Cemal
was performing damage control.
In this same interview from Moniteour Oriental that the Turkish newspapers
all reported from on March 15, Cemal also claimed that the CUP had
exterminated/killed 4 million Turks. (Source: same books and page numbers above.)
The Allied puppet government Cemal formed a part of was anxious to pin blame on
the previous administration; in other words, the point was CUP caused the death of
Turks by having entered the war, kind of committing a "genocide" on
their own. Note the consensus (Dadrian notwithstanding) for the total Turkish loss
for 1915-1922 is around 2.5 million, and Cemal had made this statement before the
Greeks had invaded (which caused a Turkish mortality of 640,000, according to
McCarthy, Death and Exile, p. 331, footnote 195.) So Cemal doubled the real
figure of around 2 million to 4 million, and compounding matters further,
told us these 4 million were deliberately killed by the CUP (a government
that, Dadrian ironically tells us, was pursuing a Turkification policy).
Conclusion: Cemal would make the Armenians proud with his knack for falsifying
figures, and can't be taken seriously.
With all the egg on his face, let us pray Vahakn Dadrian checks his cholesterol
levels frequently.
Many thanks to Hector, and his outstanding research.
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Moving on to his last section before the wrap-up, entitled “The untenable elements in the ‘controversy’ surrounding the Armenian
genocide,” Dadrian writes:
In their attempts to portray this genocide as questionable or
debatable, the protagonists of “the Turkish point of view” continue to advance several
lines of disjointed arguments, such as (1) the Ottoman government is responsible only for
its order to deport, (2) the deportations were limited to the war zones, (3) the attendant
massacres were largely the result of “inter-communal clashes” over which the central
authorities had no control, (4) most of the Armenian casualties resulted from inadequate
resources needed to protect the deportee convoys, to care for their sanitation and
feeding, (5) anyway, the intent of the Ottoman government was not to cause the destruction
of the deportee population but its relocation in their points of destination, (6) there
was a civil war between the Armenians and the Turks in the context of a larger global war,
as a result of which the Turks sustained heavy losses, and (7) the overall Turkish losses
throughout the entire period being about 2.5 million, they by far exceed the scope of
total Armenian losses.
Son of a gun! Dadrian is beginning to make sense at last, as points 1-7 are all generally
based on historical fact. Too bad he can’t claim the credit for any of these statements.
Given the limitations of space, attention will be focused only on
the last three items whose inclusive thrust does incorporate elements that may address the
issues raised by the other items as well.
We're ready.
First of all, how did the Young Turk authorities expect to resettle
in the deserts of Mesopotamia hundreds of thousands of dislocated people without securing
the slightest accommodation or other amenities affording the barest conditions of
subsistence for human beings? ... Even the Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Fourth Army...
stated, “there was neither preparation, nor organization to shelter the hundreds of
thousands of the deportees.”8 (“Orgeneral Ali Fuad Erden, Birinci Dünya Harbinde
Suriye Hatiralari [Syrian Memoirs of World War I], Vol 1 [Istanbul: 1954], p 122.”)
The old man has a point. Unfortunately, the serious situation of national life and death
warranted this terrible move without adequate preparation. Enver Pasha also embarked on
his Sarikamish affair, to disastrous results. (In other words, optimism for things working
out is human nature. Sometimes things plain go wrong, but such does not prove that was the
plan all along.) George Schreiner, the only American newspaperman who travelled into the
Ottoman interior in 1915 (Thomas C. Leonard, “When news is not enough...”, “America
and the Armenian genocide of 1915,” 2003, p. 297) summed it up in his own book: “I saw none of the cruelties the
Turks have later been charged with... The inquiries I made at the time and later have
caused me to believe that Turkish ineptness, more than intentional brutality, was
responsible for the hardships the Armenians were subjected to.” “Ineptness”?
Yes. “Intentional”? No.
If the Armenians are unhappy about their fate, they should have thought twice before
allowing their terrorist leaders to hold sway. “The terrible fact” is, to
borrow Katchaznouni’s phrase once again, nothing would have happened to the Armenians
had they remained loyal.
“The Turks, having their hands full already with a difficult war, took ruthless steps
to quell the uprising. They deported what was meant to be the entire population of Armenia
to Syria and Mesopotamia. Their organization was insufficient; a third of the Armenian
population escaped deportation...” R. P. Lister, Turkey Observed,1967
Equally important, these “hundreds of thousands” were not deported merely from “the
war zones,” as repeatedly claimed, but they were deportees from all parts of the Ottoman
Empire.
And some were certainly targeted unfairly. However, the Armenians throughout the empire
were at one with the Entente Powers, and friend could not be separated from foe with
dangerous enemies at every front. (Dr. Edward Erickson described the desperation
beautifully: "During this period [of near-simultaneous allied attacks] almost
every Turkish Infantry Division would be committed to combat in a strategic situation akin
to the Dutch boy plugging the dyke with his finger.") Traitors were all over;
western Armenians poisoned food supplies of the army, to assist British and French
invaders in Gallipoli. Moreover, Armenians were not rebelling strictly in the eastern
zones, as with the example of Sivas.
As official documents unmistakably reveal (and American Ambassador
Morgenthau confirms) only the rapid deterioration of Turkey’s military situation and the
resulting time constraints prevented the authorities from carrying out the projected
comprehensive deportation and liquidation of the rest of the Armenian population.
Have you got that folks? Our propagandist is telling us the only reason why the “genocide”
had “all but run its course” by 1916 is because the Turks ran out of time. Yet some
two years still remained before the war was over, and the Ottoman Empire’s military
situation waxed and waned throughout that time; the serious deterioration taking place
only in the last year.
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If the idea was for the “liquidation” to be seen through
until the bitter end, Talat Pasha certainly would not have issued his order on August
29, 1915, instructing that there would be no further relocations. (“...[A]side
from those who have already been transferred and relocated, no additional
Armenians are to be removed.”) And he certainly would not have kept
re-issuing the same order, since the locals kept disobeying. For example, in March
16, 1916, the order to the governors was: “Owing to administrative and
military considerations it has been determined that from this time forward the
transfer of Armenians will cease. It is ordered that from this time forward no
Armenians, other than those already relocated, will be transferred for any reason.”
Still disobeyed, Talat was forced to reissue a similar order on Oct. 24, 1916:
“As the transfer of Armenians is revoked, it is no longer appropriate to
dispatch convoys of Armenians who are to be transferred and relocated. Therefore,
if investigations have determined that there are dangerous individuals who should
be transferred, we are to be promptly notified of their names and total number.”
As Guenter Lewy wrote in his The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A
Disputed Genocide, where the foregoing has been referenced (pp. 205-207), : [T]he
deportations for all practical purposes had finally come to an end, and there was
even talk of an amnesty that would allow the deportees to return to their homes.
(Source: Embassy minute, December 11, 1917, PA, Botsch. K/174 [fiche 7270])
ADDENDUM, July 2007:
Lewy's source for the Aug. 29,
1915 telegram is Orel and Yuca's The
Talat Pasha 'Telegrams': Historical Fact or Armenian Fiction?, 1986, p. 129.
This is the book that examines the Andonian forgeries. I have since looked at Armenians
in Ottoman Documents (1915-1920), Directorate of Ottoman Archives, 1995,
listing telegrams in chronological order, and there is no such telegram for August
29. There is one, however, for October 27, 1915, with the heading of "Halting
the Deportation of Armenians." Its description: "Ciphered
telegram from the Ministry of the Interior to various provinces and governors of
sanjaks, regarding that Armenians, other than those who have been gathered in
order to be sent to specific locations and who have set out on the road, not be
sent." It's signed by Talat Pasha (BOA, DH. SFR, nr. 57/135).
ADDENDUM, September 2007:
I've gotten the picture that the English summaries in "Armenians in Ottoman
Documents" are unreliable, they sometimes alter the meaning because they are
not exact and are not full-text. The information from the Orel-Yuca book is as
such:
Authentic Document No. LII
Ciphered telegram from the Ministry of the Interior to the Governors of the
provinces of Hudavendigar [Bursa], Ankara, Konya, Adana, Aleppo, Sivas,
Mamuretilaziz [Elazig], Diyarbakir and Erzurum; and to the Governors of the
sanjaks of Izmit, Maraş, Urfa, Zor, Kütahya, Karesi [Balikesir], Nigde,
K
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